Corrections & Retractions

• Material inaccuracies or omissions requiring a public correction while the central research remains reliable.
• Clear evidence of unreliable results arising from major methodological, analytical, or data errors, whether accidental or deliberate.
• Substantial plagiarism, unjustified duplicate publication, unauthorized use of material, or fabricated or falsified data.
• Serious research ethics violations, compromised peer review, or manipulation of the publication process that undermines the work's reliability.

Retraction is not automatic in cases of a disagreement over authorship, an isolated failure to replicate, or a minor correctable error. The appropriate action depends on evidence and the impact on the scholarly record.