Analysis Morphological Character and Relationship of Suweg ( Amorphophallus campanulatus ) Plant in Jombang District

Suweg is one of the tuber-producing plants in Jombang. Suweg plants in Jombang have not been cultivated regularly, but actually, suweg tubers have great potential to be used as food diversification material in the future. The development of suweg plants, for example assembling varieties has not been done much. The first step in assembling varieties that must be done is germplasm exploration. This study aims to obtain information on the suweg plant in Jombang, to find out the differences in plant characteristics and the kinship relationship of the suweg plant in the same sub-district or in different sub-districts. The research was carried out in Jombang district, covering the Districts of Wonosalam, Kesamben, Ngusikan, Together, Kudu and Plandaan. The location selection is determined based on the results of the preliminary survey. The research was conducted from April to June 2020. The data analysis used a descriptive method, namely simplifying and organizing the data to obtain an overall picture of the object being observed. In addition to the use of descriptive analysis, kinship analysis was carried out using cluster data analysis. In the kinship analysis, the similarity matrix was calculated manually, while the dendrogram was made using NTSys software. The results obtained 9 plant samples from 6 locations. Two samples from Wonosalam location 1 and Wonosalam location 2 , One sample from Kesamben location 1 , One sample from Ngusikan location 1 , Three samples from joint location 1 , Together with location 2 , Together with location 3 , One sample from Kudu location 1 and one sample from Location plan 1 . Kinship analysis showed various relationships with a similarity matrix value of 0.52 – 1.00, this indicates that the diversity of suweg plants in Jombang is very high. Grouping analysis to determine the similarity relationship between suweg (Amorphopallus campanulatus) and outgroup plants was carried out based on 13 morphological characters using the NTSYS program. The thirteen morphological characters used as the basis for grouping consisted of 5 stem characters, 5 leaf characters, and 3 tuber characters. Descriptive data is assessed numerically by giving a score that describes the difference while quantitative data is obtained from direct measurements. The grouping is done using classify hierarchical cluster analysis and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) analysis as a complement. The analysis of classify hierarchical clusters is carried out based on the measurement of similarity between operational taxonomic units (OTU) with the agglomerative method based on average linkage using simple matching coefficients for binary data. The results of calculating the similarity index of the simple matching coefficient (Table 5.1) were obtained from data that had been scored and processed with the NTSYS program.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has a variety of traditional food ingredients that have a high enough potential to be developed as functional food but have not been used optimally. Some foodstuffs that have not been utilized optimally, one of which is suweg tubers (Izzati and Widyaningsih, 2014). This plant can grow in the plains up to an altitude of 900 m above sea level. Suweg usually grows in secondary vegetation, groves, secondary forests, gardens, and dry fields. Suweg has an important value in terms of food and medicine. Suweg tubers can be used as an alternative food ingredient because they contain high levels of dietary fiber, carbohydrates and protein (Harijati et al. 2010).
Therefore, further information is needed regarding the character of these plants that can be used as a guide in plant breeding and cultivation research. In agriculture, germplasm is widely studied and collected in order to improve agricultural products and food supply because germplasm is a useful source of genes for plant improvement such as genes for resistance to diseases, insects, weeds and genes for resistance to abiotic environmental stresses (Amrullah, 2010).
The initial step needed in general breeding is to find out the kinship that exists between these varieties (Martasari et al., 2009). The kinship relationship between two individuals or populations can be measured based on the similarity of a number of characters (Purwantoro et al., 2005).
In kinship, taxa are classified based on the overall similarities or dissimilarities between two or more taxa (Saupe, 2005in Prayekti, 2007. So it is possible that plants that are still in the same taxa will AGARICUS: Advances Agriculture Science & Farming Vol.1 No.3 February 2022 have similar morphology and biochemical content. This proves that the closer the kinship between two individuals, the greater the degree of similarity between the two individuals.
Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study that examines the diversity of morphological characteristics and the relationship between varieties in Amorphopallus campanulatus. through a morphological approach and analyzed the relationship phenetics.

METHOD
This research was carried out from May to July 2020. Exploration of suweg plants was carried out in 7 sub-districts where suweg plants were found, namely in Wonosalam, Ngusikan, Bareng, Kudu, Kesamben, Plandaan & Kabuh sub-districts. This research is descriptive . This study uses the phenetic method, namely direct sampling from observation locations in 7 sub-districts spread across Jombang Regency, with the provisions of 5 vegetation analysis observation plots with a size of 10x10 m from the land area. Observational variables were measured (leaves, stems, tubers) and abiotic variables (altitude, rainfall, humidity, light intensity, climate).

Research Result
• The value of the main component of the suweg character (Amorphophallus campanulatus) of the suweg plant in 7 sub-districts spread across Jombang district The results of a survey conducted in 7 sub-districts with 9 research locations spread across Jombang district by observing the morphological character of the suweg plant, 13 morphological character assessments of the suweg plant were taken with the aim of making it easier for researchers to observe each genotype of the suweg plant character. From the survey conducted, the following data were obtained:   (2003) is a pattern of relationships or similarities between groups of plants based on certain traits or characteristics of each of these plant groups. Table 3. Suweg Plant Stature Data Grouping analysis to determine the similarity relationship between suweg (Amorphopallus campanulatus) and outgroup plants was carried out based on 13 morphological characters using the NTSYS program. The thirteen morphological characters used as the basis for grouping consisted of 5 stem characters, 5 leaf characters, and 3 tuber characters. Descriptive data is assessed numerically by giving a score that describes the difference while quantitative data is obtained from direct measurements. The grouping is done using classify hierarchical cluster analysis and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) analysis as a complement. The analysis of classify hierarchical clusters is carried out based on the measurement of similarity between operational taxonomic units (OTU) with the agglomerative method based on average linkage (Table 5.2) using simple matching coefficients for binary data. The results of calculating the similarity index of the simple matching coefficient (Table 5.1) were obtained from data that had been scored and processed with the NTSYS program.

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Vol.1 No.3 February 2022  ü The numbers listed in the column for group 1 and group 2 indicate the code of the OTU being compared. ü The number listed in the similarity coefficient column shows the magnitude of the phenetic similarity of the two OTU groups being compared and causes the 2 OTUs being compared to clump together.

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There were 9 plant samples that were found from 9 locations. The low sample size was caused by research conducted in the dry season, so that many suweg plants were dormant. Sample plants that have been found are based on the color of the petiole. Variant 1 is suweg which has a light green leaf stalk color -green. In Wonosalam District, two plant samples were found from two locations, the first location was in Arjosari Village, the second location was Sumberjo Village. In Bareng Regency, plant samples were obtained from two locations, both locations were in Ngampungan Village & Karangan Village. In Ngusikan District, one sample was also obtained from one location, namely in the village of Cupak. The Kudu sub-district also only found one sample in one location, namely in Kepuhrejo Village. In the Plandaan sub-district, they only found one sample from one location, namely in Klitih village. Then in the Kabuh sub-district also only found one sample, namely in the village of pengampon. Based on the results of the characterization, it is known that the samples of Wonosalam Plants Location 1 and Kudu Location 1 are Suweg variant 2, while the other samples include Suweg variant 1, Suweg samples were found at an altitude of 300 -1200 mdpl with a temperature of 26 -31°C. Pitojo (2007) stated that the most striking difference from variants one and variants of Suweg plants was found in the color of the petiole, in the variant two the leaf stalks were very dark. Meanwhile Hetterscheid, W and Ittenbach, S (1996) stated that the most striking difference between variant one and variant two was the roughness of the petiole, the surface of the petiole in variant two was rougher than variant one.
From the results of the kinship analysis, it was found that the value of the similarity matrix of the samples obtained was 0.88 -1.00, this indicates that the diversity of suweg plants in East Java is very high. Fatimah (2013) states that the more similarities the character has, the greater the similarity value so that the closer the kinship relationship. The highest similarity matrix values were found in samples R1 (Wonosalam location 1), R5 (with location 1), R6 (with location 2) and R9 (Return location 1) while the lowest value was between samples R4 (Ngusikan location 1), based on the results of the dendogram on Figure 5.3, the sample plants obtained were divided into 3 groups (clusters). The first group consisted of samples R1 (Wonosalam Location 1) & R9 (Kabuh Location 1) then group 2 R5 (With Location 1), R6 (With Location 2), R2 (Wonosalam Location 2), R3 (Kesamben Location 1), R8 (Planaan Location 1). Meanwhile, group 3 consisted of R4 sample (Ngampungan Location 1). Ghasemi., et al (2014) stated that samples from the same group described kinship relationships between samples, samples from the same group had close kinship relationships.
Julisaniah et al (2008) stated that the further the kinship between the samples, the smaller the success of the cross, but the possibility of obtaining a superior genotype is greater if the cross is successful. The genetic diversity of the suweg plant in Jombang has high diversity because the distance between the coefficient matrix values is very large.

• Diversity of Leaf Morphology of Suweg Plant (Amorphophallus campanulatus)
Leaves are the most important part of the plant, generally owned by plants in large numbers. Leaves are only found on the stem, not found in other parts. The green color is due to the chlorophyll content. The function of the leaves is as a factory or producer of carbohydrates that function as food (Tjitrosoepomo, 1993) Tables 1 and 2 show that the results of observations of leaf morphological characters in Wonosalam, Kesamben, Ngusikan, Bareng, Kudu, Plandaan and Kabuh sub-districts consisted of the upper surface, lower surface, leaf length, leaf shape and leaf width. On the upper surface parameters with fine leaf characters in each research location. On the lower surface parameters the leaves tend to be rough and finger on the leaf bones. In the leaf shape parameter with a pointed leaf base character, the color of the young leaves is shiny.
In the parameter of leaf length with small leaf characters (13-15cm) found in the districts of Bareng, Kesamben, Plandaan and kudu, while the longer leaves (16-25cm) were found in Wonosalam, Ngusikan, and Kabuh districts. In the parameter of leaf width with smaller leaf width (6-7cm) it was found in the sub-districts of Kabuh, Kudu, Kesamben, and Wonosalam location 1 while the wider leaf character (8-10cm) was found in the sub-districts of Plandaan, Bareng, Ngusikan and Wonosalam location 2.

• Stem Morphological Diversity of Suweg Plant (Amorphophallus campanulatus)
Stem is a part of the plant body that produces leaves, reproductive structures and is generally erect in the air (Heddy, 1987). The characteristics of the rods are generally long, round, cylindrical, segmented, usually going upwards (Tjitrosoepomo, 1993). Vol.1 No.3 February 2022 Tables 1 and 2 show that the results of observations of stem morphological characters conducted in Wonosalam, Kesamben, Ngusikan, Bareng, Kudu, Plandaan and Kabuh sub-districts consisted of stem height, stem color, stem diameter around the stem and stem surface. In the stem color parameter, the stems are green with white spots found in all research locations. On the stem surface parameters with smooth stem characters found in each plant.

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The stem height parameter with an average height (80-103cm) was found in the Bareng, Kesamben, Plandaan, Kudu, Kabuh, Wonosalam sub-districts at location 1 while the stem height (107-150cm) was found in the Wonosalam sub-districts in location 2 and Ngusikan. In the parameters of stem diameter with a diameter of (14cm) found in the sub-districts of Kabuh, Plandaan, Kudu, Bareng location 2, Kesamben, Wonosalam location 2 while stems with a diameter of (18-28cm) were found in Bareng sub-district location 1, Wonosalam location 1 and Ngusikan. In the parameters of the circumference of the trunk with a circumference (44-56.6cm) found in Wonosalam sub-districts location 2, Kesamben, Bareng, Kudu, Plandaan while the circumference of the trunk with a diameter (75.5-88cm) was found in Wonosalam sub-districts location 1, Ngusikan, and Kabuh.
• Morphological Diversity of Suweg Plant Bulbs (Amorphophallus campanulatus) Tubers are vegetable materials that can be obtained from the soil. Bulbs can be said to be an organ of a plant which is a modification of other organs and functions as a store of certain substances as carbohydrates that function as energy reserves. Tubers are important as carbohydrates, especially as a source of starch. In addition, the tubers can be dried and made into flour. One of the other chemical constituents in tubers is carotenoids which also affect their physical properties with the natural color of the tubers (Tarwotjo, 1998).
Tables 1 and 2 show that the results of observations of the morphological characters of tubers in Wonosalam, Kesamben, Ngusikan, Bareng, Kudu, Plandaan and Kabuh subdistricts consisted of tuber diameter, tuber weight and tuber color. In the parameter of tuber color, the character of the tubers is dark brown with a relatively rough surface of the tubers, found in all sub-districts of the research location. On the parameters of the tuber diameter with a diameter of (12-13cm) found in the sub-districts of Wonosalam, Kesamben, Bareng, Plandaan and Kabuh while the diameter (16-17cm) was found in the districts of Kudu and Ngusikan. On the parameters of tuber weight with tuber weight (2-5 ounces) found in Wonosalam sub-districts location 1, Kesamben, Bareng, kudu and Plandaan while the average tuber weight (6 ounces-2kg) was in Kabuh, Ngusikan and Wonosalam sub-districts location 2.

• Abiotic Components
According to Sulistyorini (2009), the abiotic component is everything that is inanimate, such as soil, air, water, climate, humidity, light and sound.  Table 6 shows that the state of the research location in each region is different, including the altitude in the Jombang area on average ranging from 0-500 masl. At monthly humidity, it ranges from 67-84% per month. As well as rainfall, the annual rainfall ranges from 1500-2000 per year, with light in each region 144-297 per month, and has a tropical climate.

CONCLUSION
Suweg plants as a result of exploration obtained 9 plant samples. The kinship relationship between suweg plant samples shows that there are samples that have close and distant relationships, both in the same sub-district and in different sub-districts. Based on the value of the coefficient matrix which is at a value of 0.88 -1.00, the genetic diversity value of the suweg plant in Jombang has a high diversity because the distance between the coefficient matrix values is very large.